2. When markets fail

2.1 Aggregate markups of publicly traded firms

Source: Eeckhout, J. (2022). The Profit Paradox: How Thriving Firms Threaten the Future of Work. Princeton University Press.

2.2 Public spending on education (as share of GDP)

2.3 Public and private spending on tertiary education

Source: OECD (2026), Expenditure on education (indicator).  (Accessed on 14 April 2026)