6. Varieties of welfare states

Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion, 2025

Map of population at risk of povery in Europe

Source: Eurostat (2026), Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age and sex, https://doi.org/10.2908/ILC_PEPS01N (Accessed on 16/04/2026)

Inequality: conservative/corporatist welfare states (highlighted)

Gini based on disposable income for latest year available

Source: OECD, Gini disposable income (latest year available). OECD Income distribution database

Inequality: social-democtratic welfare states (highlighted)

Gini based on disposable income for latest year available

Source: OECD, Gini disposable income (latest year available). OECD Income distribution database

Inequality: liberal welfare states (highlighted)

Gini based on disposable income for latest year available

Source: OECD, Gini disposable income (latest year available). OECD Income distribution database

Inequality: Mediterranean welfare states (highlighted)

Gini based on disposable income for latest year available

Source: OECD, Gini disposable income (latest year available). OECD Income distribution database

Inequality: post-communist welfare states (highlighted)

Gini based on disposable income for latest year available

Source: OECD, Gini disposable income (latest year available). OECD Income distribution database

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